Human-machine hybrids could someday be a reality
Answer: The seeds of these fictional hybrids already exist, says Sidney Perkowitz in "Hollywood Science." In 2000, a Northwestern University researcher installed part of the living brain of a sea lamprey, an eel-like fish, into a small wheeled robot. Via implanted electrodes, the brain was connected to light sensors on the robot and to motors controlling its wheels, powering the brain-driven robot toward or away from light sources. Going even further, Miguel Nicolelis at Duke University implanted electrodes into a monkey's brain (the brain lacks pain sensors) to connect the animal to an artificial arm that mirrored the movements of the monkey's real arm. "Eventually, Nicolelis could train the monkey so that merely thinking about moving its arm moved the robotic arm correspondingly."
Then neurologist Phillip Kerney implanted electrodes into the brain of a stroke patient who could barely move. With training, the patient learned to move a computer screen cursor by thought alone! He could pick out letters to spell words, opening up for him once again the "blessing of communicating" with other people.
Question: There's obvious charm in your parrot imitating what you say, but what could be the point of such mimicry capability for species in the wild?
Answer: You and your parrot occupy a select niche in the animal kingdom: The ability to learn vocal signals is restricted to songbirds and hummingbirds and parrots among birds, humans and bats and whales among mammals, says biologist Timothy F. Wright.
Depending on the species, the regional "dialects" that arise from large numbers of wild birds imitating each other may help males and females from similar areas find one another, says avian biologist Michael Schindlinger in "Scientific American" magazine. Regional song learning may also allow territorial neighbors to become familiar and help identify drifters. Further, imitative vocal learning is a ready-made display of healthy neural functioning that embraces hearing, memory, muscle control for sound production — all potentially important in mate selection.
Question: Do you know the cultural sources of superstition surrounding Friday the 13th?
Answer: The day is doubly worrisome in that both Fridays and the number 13 have been believed unlucky. Fear of 13 goes by the seemingly unpronounceable "triskaidekaphobia," from the Greek "tris" for three, "kai" for and, "deka" for 10, plus "phobia" for fear, says Julian Havil in "Nonplussed! Mathematical Proof of Implausible Ideas."
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Friday the 13th does not come from the combination of two fears but...
BBKing | May 22, 2008 at 7:30 a.m.
